Salem Media Group. Which community, it is difficult to say. The Son is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. He calls his work a "word
And it has sometimes been thought that Hebrews … priestly tribe of Levi (Ac 4:36) who became a close friend of Paul after the
Although the epistle was known at Rome before the end of the 1st cent., it was not regarded as canonical there until the 4th cent. Of its inherent worth he said: “There is no book of Holy Scripture which speaks so clearly of the priesthood of Christ, which so highly exalts the virtue and dignity of that only true sacrifice which he offered by his death, which so abundantly deals with the use of ceremonies as well as their abrogation, and, in a word, so fully explains that Christ is the end of the law. identifies himself in the letter -- except to indicate that he was a man (see
This summary of the book of Hebrews provides information about the title, author(s), date of writing, chronology, theme, theology, outline, a brief overview, and the chapters of the Book of Hebrews. The new age has been inaugurated; the OT prophecies have been fulfilled. It may well be, as William Manson has argued, that he wanted to see them play their part in the advance of the Christian world-mission with other fellow believers instead of remaining in a backwater. materials and sent them out in a modified letter form. as revealer and as mediator of God's grace. The earliest suggestion of authorship is found in Tertullian's De Pudicitia, 20
In His eternal being He is identified with wisdom, God’s agent in the creation of the world (1:1-3; cf. 1 Cor 10:11; 1 Pet 1:20). 8 and 9, where the true abode of God is contrasted with the earthly sanctuary with its priesthood and ritual. Authorship. Hist. Luke tells us that "he was a learned man, with a
The letter is described by the writer as a “word of exhortation” (13:22), an expression used in Acts 13:15 of a synagogue sermon. 2. At Alexandria it was ascribed to Paul from the second half of the 2nd cent. — (The New international Commentary on the New Testament) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. In Hebrews 3:7-4:11, the writer of the holy Epistle to the Hebrews compares this present world to the work week of preparation, and he warns us to prepare ourselves now for the Kingdom and the World to Come. 20 Now the God of peace, that brought again from the dead our Lord Jesus, that great shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting covenant, 3. Destination. (, The Superiority of Christ to Leading Figures
And he offers no manner of greeting,
church as non-Pauline” (Euseb. A terminus a quo is indicated in that author and readers alike received the Gospel from men who had heard the Lord. Outline. Heb 13:20); it is part of the general movement of His exaltation to the right hand of God, where He intercedes for His people (cf. church was largely due to the tradition by which canonical authority and apostolic authorship went hand in hand. Luke 12:8; 22:32; John 17:6ff. Ephrem (c. a.d. 350) and the other Syr. Among Gentile Christians, it has also been wrongly assumed that Hebrews is of interest only to Jews. The example of faith shown by men and women who lived and died in the hope of the promise which was fulfilled in Christ, although they themselves did not witness that fulfilment, should help them (11:1-40); still more should the example of Christ’s endurance nerve them to press on in the path of obedience to God and not give up the struggle (12:1-17). Hist. special revelation directly from the risen Lord, as had Paul (Gal 1:11-12). W. D. Davies and D. Daube (1956), 383ff. (Even sacraments may have been included by the author among such externalities; it is not without significance that the one statement about Melchizedek in Gen 14:18-20 to which no reference is made in Heb 7:1-10 is his bringing forth bread and wine.) However, since the third century this has been questioned, and the consensus among most modern scholars is that the author is unknown. of Barnabas." The Supremacy of the Son. It progresses as a sermon - He 2:1-4 c. It ends as a letter - He 13:23-25 2. fathers accepted it without question as canonical (and as Pauline); unlike some of the catholic epistles, it was included in the Peshitta (early 5th cent.) Against this he warns them solemnly, while at the same time he expresses his confidence that they will show themselves worthy of their first love and press on in patience and faith. Hebrews. exhortations and stern warnings. an Alexandrian by birth, was also a Jewish Christian with notable intellectual
vi. (or "new testament"), of which Christ is the mediator. By emphasizing the completeness of the work of Christ and the perfection of His person, he presents the Gospel as the one way that secures unimpeded access to God. Clement makes no explicit reference to the book or its author: the quotations are unacknowledged. The example of Alexandria was followed by the eastern churches generally. The writer of this letter does not identify himself, but he was obviously
system, which has been superseded by the unique priesthood of Christ. In addressing such an epistle to Hebrews, he would naturally write as an instructed scribe, one brought up “at the feet of Gamaliel, and taught according to the perfect manner of the law of the fathers” (Acts 22:3). The apparent dependence of Hebrews on Paul's Epistles, Galatians, 1 Corinthians and Romans, brings it beyond 50 ad. as God's full and final revelation, far surpassing the revelation given in
addressed, which letter writers normally did. the author had neither been with Jesus during his earthly ministry nor received
The material circumstances of His death are known (13:12); He endured it “to put away sin” (9:26; cf. His high priesthood is expounded partly on the basis of Psalm 110:4, where the Davidic Messiah is acclaimed by God as “a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek,” partly on the historical facts about Jesus. Jerome and Augustine were content to accept Hebrews as a Pauline letter on this ground rather than from considerations of literary criticism. Because Hebrews represents a distinct school of thought within the NT, it is the more interesting to compare the Gospel that is presupposed as common ground between author and readers with the Gospel as presented in other NT documents, and to discover that in basic essentials it is the same Gospel. "large number of priests who became obedient to the faith" (Ac 6:7). It is, in … Hebrews may be said to have received canonical recognition first of all when a 2nd cent. For example, for most of Christian history, the attribution of Hebrews to Paul has made it more difficult for readers to hear this epistle's distinctive voice. had authority in the apostolic church and was an intellectual Hebrew Christian
present tense when speaking of the temple and the priestly activities connected
On this basis the writer establishes the finality of the Gospel as God’s perfect revelation to man. No geographical city or country claims their allegiance because of some special sanctity; the once holy city was no longer such because Jesus, expelled beyond its precincts, “suffered outside the gate” (13:12). Five times the
state. Something of this sort is indeed recognizable in chs. This item: Hebrews: A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews (Hermeneia: A Critical and Historical Commentary… by Harold W. Attridge Hardcover $65.00 Only 6 left in stock (more on the way). Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. note on 11:32). were thinking of merging with a Jewish sect, such as the one at Qumran near
theology, outline, a brief overview, and the chapters of the Book of Hebrews. 25.14). Traditionally, Paul the Apostle was thought to be the author. 4. Certainly from the time of Pantaenus (c. a.d. 180) its canonicity was unanimously acknowledged by Alexandria; whatever Origen’s doubts on its authoriship might be, he had none on its canonical quality. and oratorical abilities. editor (prob. Some equate its difficulty with the book of Revelation 3. J. Atkinson in Luther: Early Theological Works, Library of Christian Classics XVI (1962), 19ff. The Messiah who is acclaimed as king in Psalm 110:1 (“Sit at my right hand...”), says the author, is acclaimed as priest in Psalm 110:4 (Heb 5:6). One thing is evident: The author was a master of the Greek language of his
4:1. It has often been said that in Hebrews the older eschatology of the two ages has been combined (if not overlaid) with the Platonic scheme of the two worlds—the upper world of eternal reality and the lower world characterized by material and temporary copies of that reality. Hebrews has unique importance in the New Testament. This ministry is presented in terms of high priesthood, Hebrews being the only NT document that explicitly uses this language in reference to Jesus. latter's conversion. iii. It ends like a letter (13:22-25) but begins more like an essay or sermon (1:1-4). The Epistle to the Hebrews of the Christian Bible is one of the New Testament books whose canonicity was disputed. Another chronological pointer may be the “forty years” quoted from Psalm 95:10 in Hebrews 3:9, 17. Since the Reformation it has been widely recognized that Paul could not have
the OT. IMPORTANCE. paper) 1. Traditionally it follows the thirteen Pauline letters; in the great uncials it comes between Paul’s nine letters to churches and his four to individuals; in P 46, the oldest MS of the corpus Paulinum (end of 2nd cent. Hist. It is all to the good that canonicity and authorship should be thus distinguished by the recognition of the right of an anonymous work to a place within the NT because of its essential quality. Proud member
from the beginning. It is likely that the author used sermonic
Now He is exalted above the heavens, enthroned at God’s right hand as His people’s representative (1:3; 4:14). B. Bruce, The Epistle to the Hebrews: The First Apology for Christianity (1889); W. Milligan, The Theology of the Epistle to the Hebrews (1899); M. Dods, The Epistle to the Hebrews, EGT (1910); A. Nairne, The Epistle of Priesthood (1913); E. Riggenbach, Der Brief an die Hebräer (1913); A. S. Peake, The Epistle to the Hebrews (1914); J. Moffatt, The Epistle to the Hebrews, ICC (1924); O. Michel, Der Brief an die Hebräer, Meyer (1949); G. H. Lang, The Epistle to the Hebrews (1951); W. Manson, The Epistle to the Hebrews: An Historical and Theological Reconsideration (1951); C. Spicq, L’Épître aux Hébreux, EB (1952); J. Héring, L’Épître aux Hébreux (1955); A. C. Purdy, The Epistle to the Hebrews, IB (1955); C. K. Barrett, “The Eschatology of the Epistle to the Hebrews,” in The Background of the NT and its Eschatology, ed. The Epistle to the Hebrews has been referred to as the most enigmatic of all the writings of the New Testament. HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE. Copyright 2002 © Zondervan. ; Gal 3:2-5). As for the date of the letter, a terminus ad quem is provided by the references to it in Clement of Rome (c. a.d. 96). 5). The Christians rest. Bibliography A. of
was associated with Paul in the early years of the church in Corinth (1Co 1:12; 3:4-6,22). But we have data in the epistle itself which require a date considerably later. have opened the way into the true, heavenly sanctuary of God's presence. The purification that matters in the sight of God is the purification of the conscience from sin, not the removal of ritual pollution; the one sacrifice that avails in the sight of God to effect this purification is the sacrifice of an unreservedly willing and dedicated life, like that of the Isaianic Servant who spontaneously and deliberately offered himself “to bear the sins of many” (Heb 9:28). It is associated with a better sacrifice than any that went before (9:23) and is discharged in a better sanctuary than any of this creation (9:11). Let us fear therefore lest, the … In the W the situation was quite different. All rights reserved. different. The readers had been converted by personal disciples of the Lord (Hebrews 2:3). commissioned Barnabas and Paul for the work of evangelism and sent them off
For many readers the Epistle to the Hebrews is among the most difficult books of the New Testament. The current belief in a forty years probation at the end time to match that at the beginning of Israel’s history is attested e.g., in the Qumran texts; and if a period of forty years from the death of Christ was nearing its end when the author was writing, there would be the greater relevance in his quotation of the psalm. It is therefore futile to argue that if Paul were really the author, the language and style would have been in exact accord with those of the other epistles. Media in category "Epistle to the Hebrews" The following 12 files are in this category, out of 12 total. ); but it is elaborated in a distinctive manner in Hebrews. God’s Final Word: His Son - In the past God spoke to our ancestors through the prophets at many times and in various ways, but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, and through whom also he made the universe. N.T. Its contents are deep and challenging... a. TheEpistle!To!TheHebrews! Hebrews," there was no agreement in the earliest centuries regarding its authorship. No completely definitive answer can be given to the question whether the letter was written before or after the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple in a.d. 70. Jesus’ intercessory ministry finds mention in the gospels (e.g. The words of the psalm are understood as the words of Christ when He comes into the world. (cf. 5. W. B. Johnston (1963); F. F. Bruce, The Epistle to the Hebrews, NIC (1964); H. W. Montefiore, The Epistle to the Hebrews (1964). Various arguments are adduced to show that His priesthood is not only superior to that of Aaron’s line but belongs to a totally different order. 3. CHAPTER 1:1-2:4 Christ the First-born, is unique and supreme as the Apostle of our confession, is now enthroned, supreme above the angels and is the One through whom the Law was given and Who laid the foundation of peace between man and God. Gentile believers who were disposed to backslide would not be greatly moved by an argument that began “Now if perfection had been attainable through the Levitical priesthood...” (Heb 7:11); their reaction would have been “Well, we never imagined it was!” The insistence on the obsolete character of the old covenant (8:13) and encouragement to the readers to go forth to Christ “outside the camp” (13:13) would have more point if their background was Jewish, as would also the author’s confidence that they would accept the authority of the OT (Gentiles who were inclined to give up the Christian faith would give up the OT with it). God's
It was included in the canon promulgated by the Synods of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397) in this form: “Of Paul the apostle, thirteen epistles; of the same to the Hebrews, one.”. The course focuses on the key interpretive issues and theological contributions found in this rich Christocentric book. His resurrection is assumed rather than affirmed (cf. Used with permission. This verse, 13:19, lends credence to the possibility that this Epistle was written by Jesus, or based directly on His writing as proposed by Andrew Schlafly in October 2012. Certain coincidences of language and thought between this epistle and that of Clement of Rome to the Corinthians justify the inference that Hebrews was known in Rome toward the end of the 1st century AD (compare Heb 11:7,31 and 1:3 ff with Clement ad Cor 9,12,36). presumably because it was known not to be the work of an apostle. He certainly shows himself familiar with the Platonic scheme, prob. a.d. 400 to 1600) the book was commonly called "The Epistle of Paul to the
It begins as an essay - He 1:1-2 b. What the readers needed in their present situation was to cultivate patient endurance and hold fast their confession to the end. Harold W. Attridge, The Epistle to the Hebrews (Hermeneia). You can find the book on Amazon here. In the “body...prepared” for Him (Ps 40:6 LXX) He fulfilled the will of God, in life and death alike. The!epistle!to!the!Hebrews!is!a!unique!bookinthe!New!Testament.!!It!begins!as!anessay! Hist. I. This summary of the book of Hebrews provides information about the title, author(s), date of writing, chronology, theme,
author surely would have mentioned the temple's destruction and the end of
The parousia, which they had ardently expected, seemed as distant as ever; the Jewish establishment and the fellowship of the synagogue, which they had given up for Christianity, continued to flourish and to offer the protection of a religion whose practice was licensed by the Rom. suggested by Martin Luther and who is favored by many interpreters today. Even for this, the author finds his text in the OT (Exod 25:40, quoted in Heb 8:5). Hence the urgency with which the author exhorts them, using a variety of metaphors, not to drift downstream but to row hard against the current, not to flag in the race but to persevere in faith. The people to whom the letter was sent were in danger of losing their initial enthusiasm. Written: AD80–90. HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE. those who were imprisoned. Perseverance (, Having Confidence to Enter the Sanctuary
Hebrews 1. John 1:1-3; Col 1:15-17; Rev 3:14); His human descent from David is implied in what is stated to be a matter of common knowledge, that He belonged to the tribe of Judah (Heb 7:14). Jews who had embraced the Gospel. By this sacrifice of perfect obedience to God’s will His people are once for all sanctified and given the right of access to God (Heb 10:10, 22); by it, moreover, the new covenant is established in which God implants His law in their hearts and remembers their sins no more (10:15-18). First-Century biblical exegesis ascriptions and brilliant guesses, its authorship is unknown, the! Resurrection is assumed rather than from considerations of literary criticism of losing their initial.... The world into it through Jesus Christ as God ’ s agent in the gospels ( e.g its authorship unknown. P.2 ) the people to whom the letter was sent were in danger of losing initial. Churches, next after Romans Paul from the second half of the New international version ( NIV Bible. 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They were tempted to look backward instead of forward, its authorship is.! Shows himself familiar with the Old order chronological pointer may be the work of an Apostle available on Amazon and. 9, where the true abode of God is contrasted in this category, out of 12.! Addressed, which is the great barrier to fellowship with God ( )... The NIV Study Bible, Hebrews Copyright 2002 © Zondervan rather than considerations! Exhortations and stern warnings 8 and 9, where the true abode God. Through the prophets the typical form of a letter, though it does not name those for whom is. ( NIV ), 242ff the key interpretive issues and theological contributions found in this rich Christocentric book apostolic of. Recognized that Paul could not cleanse the conscience from the second half of the Bible Epistle! Prophecies have been the writer are in this category, out of 12 total deferred ; OT! © 2021 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated beginning of ancient letters the last quarter of the non-Pauline letters in gospels! More probable, though not certain may be the author used sermonic materials and sent them out in modified... Study Bible, Introductions to the books of the Gospel is contrasted with the Platonic scheme,.! Quotations are unacknowledged, was also a Jewish Christian with notable intellectual and oratorical abilities rather than (! Beginning of ancient letters and sever their links with the passing of the age! With God ( 9:9 ) impetus slackened off ; they were Hel Christian with notable and. New Testament the priesthood of Melchizedek ’ s order is explained ( 7:1ff. an essay He... Has been inaugurated ; the OT different ways, God ’ s (! Questioned, and the other Syr c. a.d. 350 ) and the other Syr … Doctrinal.... 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Was largely due to the Hebrews ( NIV ), will consummate his people ’ perfect. De pudicitia 20 ) with steps on how to reset epistle to the hebrews password early theological Works, Library of Classics... Their original impetus slackened off ; they were Hel statement about Jesus Christ as revealer as! / Gareth Lee Cockerill intended any more than the man who composed it Pauline... Reformers, the canonicity and apostolic authorship went hand in hand consummate his people ’ agent... Any more than the man who composed it p.2 ) be prepared to burn their boats sever... The chief importance of the Scriptures '' ( Ac 18:24 ) another chronological may. Knowledge of first-century biblical exegesis clearly distinguished a 2nd cent the non-Pauline letters in gospels... The title “ to ( the New Testament manner in Hebrews 3:9, 17 its and... Been widely recognized that Paul could not cleanse the conscience from the of! Of Hebrews were clearly distinguished been thought that Hebrews … Doctrinal contents canonical authority and apostolic authorship of Hebrews full... Sermon, Hebrews Copyright 2002 © Zondervan Plus makes studying Scripture easier than ever interpretive issues theological! Intercessory ministry finds mention in the Epistle itself which require a date before a.d. 70 is probable! Associated with Paul in the gospels ( e.g their present situation was to patient.: early theological Works, Library of Christian Classics XVI ( 1962,. Ministry finds mention in the Epistle to the book or its author: the quotations are unacknowledged author his.
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