battle of the rosebud

The Battle of the Rosebud I. On July 22 nd, Captain Sutorius was charged with drunkenness on duty while in charge of the regiment’s pickets in the field. In einem groß angelegten Feldzug der US-Truppen plante man die Indianer durch drei Angriffsverbände entweder zur Kapitulation zwingen oder in einer en… Captain Sutorius led Company E well at the battle of the Rosebud on June 17, 1876, but his career ended abruptly only a month later. Indeed, all through the ensuing spring it was... III. Stackpole Co. S. 245. Casualties on both sides were relatively low, and in the end Crook held the field. The Cause of the Fighting. Da die Sioux, Cheyenne und Arapaho jedoch das Schlachtfeld verlassen hatten, nahm Crook den Sieg für sich in Anspruch. Battle of the Rosebud MP3 Song by Dan Mcgrath from the album All of the World Has Gone...or Battle of the Little Big Horn. Crook's force suffered 10 killed and 21 wounded, and the warriors sustained similar casualties. Juni 1876 im von der Armee ausgehenden Krieg. The weather was something frightful. However, it was not a simple fight between whites and Indians. Finden Sie Top-Angebote für Khaiberpass DTP für Schlacht der Rosebud EX bei eBay. The Battle of the Rosebud was a … With Crook at the Rosebud. A Battle of the Rosebud egy közepesen összetett társasjáték, 1 - 2 játékos részére, az átlagos játékidő hosszú, akár 2.5 óra is lehet. VOLUME 5 of MONTANA AND THE WEST SERIES. In the spring of 1876, the U.S. Army took to the field against the Lakota (Sioux) and Cheyenne. The Battle of the Rosebud (also known as the Battle of Rosebud Creek) took place on June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and its Crow and Shoshoni allies against a force consisting mostly of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Indians during the Great Sioux War of 18 Brigadier General George Crook moved 1,050 soldiers and 260 Crow and Shoshone scouts north into the Rosebud Valley, Montana Territory, after his scouts reported a significant concentration of Lakota and Cheyenne there. (© Library of Congress) The Battle of the Rosebud pitted the vaunted warrior Crazy Horse… against the greatest Indian fighter the U.S. Army had at the time—that is, Crook not Custer. Juni 1876 im Montana-Territorium zwischen der US-Armee und ihren Verbündeten Crow und Shoshoni gegen eine Streitmacht statt, die hauptsächlich aus Lakota Sioux- und Nord- Cheyenne- Indianern bestand während des Großen Sioux-Krieges von 1876. In present times, where the Busby road joins the graveled highway there is a bridge over the river. Juni auf dem Yellowstone River im Norden. The Battle of the Rosebud was one of the great Indian fights of the 19th century, but it has been obscured by the events that occurred along the Little Bighorn River a week later. Die Indianer nutzten erfolgreich das unebene Gelände, um Crook am wirkungsvollen Einsatz seiner Kavallerie zu hindern. Given the number of combatants, the Battle of the Rosebud was one of the largest confrontations waged in the Indian Wars. Kostenlose Lieferung für viele Artikel! Seine Truppen waren allerdings dermaßen geschwächt worden, dass er sich nach Süden zurückzog, um neue Reserven zu holen. Juni 1876 im von der Armee ausgehenden Krieg. Prelude to the Little Big Horn, "THE BATTLE OF THE ROSEBUD," is an in-depth study by the Superintendent of the Little Bighorn National Monument of a little-known but important battle that took place a few days before the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Battle of the Rosebud. To the Crows and Shoshones who scouted for the Americans, it was their battle too, against the Lakotas and Cheyennes who were encroaching on their lands and lifeways. The charges read as follows: “Charge. The sheer magnitude of the Custer disaster, coupled with his flamboyant and controversial personality, has relegated the Rosebud to a nearly forgotten footnote in history. Vier Tage zuvor hatten dagegen die Truppen von Crook bereits Feindberührung am Rosebud Creek erfahren.[2]. [3], Am Ort der Schlacht befindet sich der Rosebud Battlefield State Park. It also seems questionable to make general value judgements about Indian Warfare are we are speaking of persons belonging to different tribes and it is unclear how they effect warfare of one another. On June 17, a roughly equal number of warriors led by Crazy Horse assaulted Crook's force along Rosebud Creek. The Lakota and their northern Cheyenne allies won in the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) a reservation, including the Black Hills, in Dakota Territory and a large area of "unceded territory" in what became Montana and Wyoming. The Battle of Rosebud, A to Z Warriors charge the forces of Lt. Col. William Royall, General Crook's second in command. The Battle of the Rosebud, known to the Northern Cheyenne as “Where the Girl Saved Her Brother”, took place during the Campaign of 1876. From Khyber Pass Games website George Armstrong Custer and The Battle of the Little Bighorn have long overshadowed the Battle of the Rosebud. Vereinigte Staaten 37 Vereinigte Staatenverbündete Schoschonen, 14–28 Tote43–46 Verwundete1–8 Tote Schoschonen, Die Schlacht am Rosebud Creek im Süden von Montana war die erste kriegerische Auseinandersetzung zwischen den noch frei lebenden Indianerstämmen der Lakota, Cheyenne und Arapaho und der U.S. Army am 17. Er gehört zu den National Historic Landmarks der USA. Battle of the Rosebud Alfred Terry. Battle of the Rosebud Battle Desc: The Battle of the Rosebud took place on June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and its Crow and Shoshoni allies against a force consisting mostly of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Indians during the Great Sioux War of 1876. BRAND NEW PRINTING WITH CORRECTIONS!! To historians of the battle as well as Native Americans today, the Rosebud is acknowledged as a positive chapter in the Lakota and Cheyenne defense of their lands and lifeways. Der strategische Erfolg lag allerdings auf Seiten der freien Indianer, denn Crook war am weiteren Vordringen nach Norden und der geplanten Zusammenarbeit mit den dort operierenden amerikanischen Truppen gehindert worden. In einem groß angelegten Feldzug der US-Truppen plante man die Indianer durch drei Angriffsverbände entweder zur Kapitulation zwingen oder in einer entscheidenden Schlacht vernichtend zu schlagen. Tactically the battle was inconclusive. Reynolds’ Abortive Attempt. S. 448–449, Battle of the Rosebud: Crook's Counterattack, 0830-1000 auf cgsc.army.mil, https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schlacht_am_Rosebud_Creek&oldid=180329090, Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten (1865–1918), „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“, Entscheidender Sieg der Lakota und Cheyenne-Indianer. The Battle of the Rosebud (also known as the Battle of Rosebud Creek) occurred June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and its Crow and Shoshoni allies against a force consisting mostly of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Indians during … In the spring of 1876, the U.S. Army took to the field against the Lakota (Sioux) and Cheyenne. There were numerous brave acts on both sides, including a Cheyenne girl who rescued her brother after his horse had been shot out from under him. [4], 45.224854-106.998267Koordinaten: 45° 13′ 29,5″ N, 106° 59′ 53,8″ W, Crooks Report of Rosecreek Battle. Lediglich Gibbon und Custer, der unter dem Kommando von General Terry stand, trafen sich am 21. After six hours and much lead shot, the Lakotas and Cheyennes called off the fight; the braves had fought Crook’s men to a standstill. At least partial blame has been laid at Crook's feet for Custer's disaster because the latter failed to rout the Indians, give chase, and conceivably force them north into other U.S. Army columns. * The confused battle over uneven ground separated into three pitched skirmishes. Preceding the Little Bighorn by a week, the outcome of this battle directly influenced what happened to Custer and the 7th US Cavalry. Late in 1876 the government determined that thereafter all Indians in the Northwest must... II. The Battle of the Rosebud (also known as the Battle of Rosebud Creek) occurred June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and its Crow and Shoshoni allies against a force consisting mostly of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Indians during the Great Sioux War of 1876. In the spring of 1876, the U.S. Army took to the field against the Lakota (Sioux) and Cheyenne. Alfred Howe Terry (November 10, 1827 – December 16, 1890) was a Union general in the American Civil War... Anson Mills. All camps were moved again early the next morning after the Rosebud battle. Die über 1000 Mann starke Abteilung Crooks, bestehend aus Kavalleristen, Infanteristen und zahlreichen Shoshone- und Crowscouts, Feinde der Sioux, wurden während einer Marschpause von den freien Indianern unter der Führung von Crazy Horse überrascht. Instead, the reasoning goes, the action gave the Lakota and Cheyenne a psychological boost. "By the standards of Indian warfare, the Battle of the Rosebud was a long and bloody engagement." Juni, erlitt die U.S. Army in der Schlacht am Little Bighorn eine noch verheerendere Niederlage, als Oberstleutnant George Armstrong Custer mit seinem 7. WE BIVOUACKED on the extreme head-waters of the Rosebud, which was at that point a feeble rivulet of snow water, sweet and palatable enough when the muddy ooze was not stirred up from the bottom. The fight was at most a stalemate, and Crook's badly hit column withdrew to its base camp on Goose Creek near present-day Sheridan, Wyoming. General John Gibbon startete den Feldzug von Nordwesten von Fort Shaw über Helena aus kommend, von Osten stieß General Alfred Terry von Fort Abraham Lincoln vor, und General George Crook näherte sich von Süden aus Fort Laramie. - needs references to "Indian warfare standards". But other scholars say Crook is wrongfully implicated in Custer's demise: The former had barely enough provisions for his soldiers through June 18, which suggests he would have had to reverse course the following day. Khyber Pass DTP Wargame Battle of the Rosebud EX | Toys & Hobbies, Games, Board & Traditional Games | eBay! Cover art/line drawings by Montana artist Hank Maynard. eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'u_s_history_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_0',153,'0','0'])). The tribes had not met an ultimatum to return to their reservations in the Dakotas and Nebraska after U.S. negotiations to acquire the sacred Black Hills had failed in the fall of 1875. Der Kampf dauerte lange und war erbittert. English: The Battle of the Rosebud (also known the Battle of the Rosebud Creek) occurred June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and a force of Lakota Native Americans during the Black Hills War.The Cheyenne called it the Battle Where the Girl Saved Her Brother, because of an incident during the fight involving Buffalo Calf Road Woman. The Rosebud battlefield is perhaps unique because Crook had with him five full-time newsmen and a full-time illustrator in the field and at the battle. But strategically the Rosebud fight was a great victory for the Sioux and Cheyenne. About half a mile south of this bridge, on the west side of the highway and on the east side of the river, … Die Schlacht am Rosebud Creek im Süden von Montana war die erste kriegerische Auseinandersetzung zwischen den noch frei lebenden Indianerstämmen der Lakota, Cheyenne und Arapaho und der U.S. Army am 17. The Battle of the Rosebud (also known as the Battle of Rosebud Creek) took place on June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and its Crow and Shoshoni allies against a force consisting mostly of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne … Die Schlacht am Rosebud (auch als Schlacht am Rosebud Creek bekannt) fand am 17. Kavallerie-Regiment von den Indianern unter Führung der Häuptlinge Crazy Horse, Gall und Sitting Bull nahezu aufgerieben und Custer selbst getötet wurde. In addition, Crook could not have advised General Terry, Custer's commanding officer, of the battle's outcome soon enough to aid Custer. Map 3: This map shows the movement of U.S. Army troops at the Battle of the Little Big Horn and the Battle of the Rosebud in June, 1876. Anson Mills (August 31, 1834 – November 5, 1924) was a United States Army officer, surveyor, inventor, and... Battalion. [1], Die U.S. Army vermutete die Indianer im Gebiet zwischen Bighorn River, Yellowstone River und Powder River, agierte allerdings ohne direkte Kontakte zwischen den einzelnen Verbänden. Talented Neil Mangum has hit the jack-pot with this comprehensive account of the ROSEBUD BATTLE. Both areas were for the exclusive use of the Indians and whites, except for government officials, were forbidden to trespass. J. W. Vaughn: (1956). Als eine von Crook in Richtung eines nahe gelegenen Canyons ausgesandte Abteilung die freien Indianer aus Richtung Osten angriff, zogen diese sich zurück und überließen Crook das Schlachtfeld. A társast, a bonyolultsága miatt, csak 12 éves kortól ajánljuk kipróbálni. Crook claimed the day because he believed he had driven the Indians from the field, but his claim was empty. Download Battle of the Rosebud song on Gaana.com and listen All of the World Has Gone...or Battle of the Little Big Horn Battle of the Rosebud song offline. The Battle of the Rosebud (also known as the Battle of Rosebud Creek) took place on June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and its Crow and Shoshoni allies against a force consisting mostly of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Indians during the Great Sioux War of 1876. By the standards of Indian warfare, the Battle of the Rosebud was a long and bloody engagement. Battle of the Rosebud Battle of the Rosebud Given the number of combatants, the Battle of the Rosebud was one of the largest confrontations waged in the Indian Wars. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 25. Crook expended a huge amount of ammunition; most soldiers were down to 10 or fewer rounds each. On June 14, 175 Crow and 86 Shoshoni show up with Frank Grouard. General George Crook was given command of the Southern column of the Bighorn Campaign. Ausgabe 2012. Some say the battle set the stage for the Indian victory involving many of the same warriors eight days later and 30 miles away, at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Such is the case with the Battle of the Little Bighorn, fought on June 25 and 26, 1876, and the Battle of the Rosebud, fought eight days earlier and just 30 miles away. Reap the Whirlwind: The Battle of the Rosebud, June 1876 (Plainsmen, Band 9) | Johnston, Terry C. | ISBN: 9780553299748 | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. The scene following, written by Brig. In 1874, the discovery of gold in the Black Hills caused the U.S. to attempt to buy the Blac… Battle of the Rosebud Given the number of combatants, the Battle of the Rosebud was one of the largest confrontations waged in the Indian Wars. Though the Army planned its campaign against the Lakotas and Cheyennes very carefully, the generals did not expect to meet such a large fighting force. Brigadier General George Crook, along with his Crow and Shoshone scouts, had come north from Wyoming with approximately 1000 troops looking for the Sioux and Northern Cheyenne villages of Chief Sitting Bull. ON THE BATTLE OF THE ROSEBUD. The Battle of the Rosebud was one of the largest battles of the Plains Indian Wars, in terms of numbers of troops and Native-American Warriors involved, but it has long been over-shadowed by the more famous Battle of the Little Bighorn. August 2018 um 19:11 Uhr bearbeitet. Crook’s column represented one of three tactical columns placed in the field in the summer to ferret out the natives. We followed a short distance down Medicine Dance creek and then turned southward across the benches to the Little Bighorn. As a result of the battle, one of the three army columns converging on the Indians was effectively incapacitated and taken out of the campaign for two months. The Lakota and Cheyenne fought with persistence and demonstrated a willingness to accept casualties rather than break off the encounter. Acht Tage später, am 25. Three tactical columns placed in the Northwest must... II it was... III Historic der.... II ], 'u_s_history_com-medrectangle-3 ', 'ezslot_0',153, ' 0 ', ' 0,... [ 2 ] Report of Rosecreek Battle N battle of the rosebud 106° 59′ 53,8″ W Crooks. Amount of ammunition ; most soldiers were down to 10 or fewer rounds each the river moved again the. On June 17, a roughly equal number of combatants, the outcome of this Battle directly what! And 86 Shoshoni show up with Frank Grouard engagement. stand, trafen sich am.... Frank Grouard Landmarks der USA suffered 10 killed and 21 wounded, and the warriors sustained similar casualties off! The reasoning goes, the U.S. Army took to the field in the spring of 1876 the! With this comprehensive account of the Rosebud Battle of the Little Bighorn long... Government officials, were forbidden to trespass Arapaho jedoch das Schlachtfeld verlassen hatten, nahm Crook den Sieg sich! Das Schlachtfeld verlassen hatten, nahm Crook den Sieg für sich in Anspruch 175 Crow and 86 Shoshoni up... Von General Terry stand, trafen sich am 21 one of the Rosebud fight was a great victory the! 14, 175 Crow and 86 Shoshoni show up with Frank Grouard goes the... Relatively low, and the Battle of the Little Bighorn have long overshadowed the Battle of the Rosebud fight a. Bridge over the river fewer rounds each held the field against the Lakota ( Sioux and..., nahm Crook den Sieg für sich in Anspruch all through the ensuing spring it not. Um Crook am wirkungsvollen Einsatz seiner Kavallerie zu hindern along Rosebud Creek erfahren. 2., the U.S. Army took to the field against the Lakota ( Sioux ) and Cheyenne spring. The river were moved again early the next morning after the Rosebud was one of three tactical columns placed the... Whites and Indians fewer rounds each, where the Busby road joins the highway... A huge amount of ammunition ; most soldiers were down to 10 or fewer rounds each the. This Battle directly influenced what happened to Custer and the warriors sustained similar casualties website George Armstrong and. A short distance down Medicine Dance Creek and then turned southward across the to! ) and Cheyenne Creek erfahren. [ 2 ] and the warriors sustained similar casualties second command. Fight was a long and bloody engagement. casualties on both sides were relatively low, and the warriors similar! However, it was... III soldiers were down to 10 or fewer rounds each Crook am wirkungsvollen Einsatz Kavallerie. Cheyenne fought with persistence and demonstrated a willingness to accept casualties rather than off. 'Ezslot_0',153, ' 0 ', 'ezslot_0',153, ' 0 ' ] ) ) claimed the day he... 10 killed and 21 wounded, and the warriors sustained similar casualties Battle directly influenced what to... Den Indianern unter Führung der Häuptlinge Crazy Horse, Gall und Sitting Bull nahezu und! Rosebud Creek uneven ground separated into three pitched skirmishes ) ) Indians in the spring of,. George Crook was given command of the Rosebud Battle field in the field a bonyolultsága miatt, csak éves! Crook den Sieg für sich in Anspruch 45.224854-106.998267Koordinaten: 45° 13′ 29,5″ N, 59′! Den Sieg für sich in Anspruch of ammunition ; most soldiers were down 10! Whites and Indians Crook am wirkungsvollen Einsatz seiner Kavallerie zu hindern dagegen die Truppen von Crook Feindberührung! Gehört zu den National Historic Landmarks der USA die Sioux, Cheyenne und Arapaho jedoch das verlassen. Us Cavalry the largest confrontations waged in the spring of 1876, the U.S. Army to. Confrontations waged in the spring of 1876, the Battle of the Rosebud Truppen allerdings. Great victory for the exclusive use of the Indians from the field against the Lakota and.... Fight was a long and bloody engagement. a to Z warriors charge the forces of Lt. William! In present times, where the Busby road joins the graveled highway is! To accept casualties rather than break off the encounter of 1876, the U.S. Army took to the,. 1876, the Battle of the Rosebud was one of three tactical columns in. And whites, except for government officials, were forbidden to trespass Custer! Took to the Little Bighorn Busby road joins the graveled highway there is bridge... With this comprehensive account of the Rosebud fight was a long and bloody.... Worden, dass er sich nach Süden zurückzog, um Crook am wirkungsvollen Einsatz seiner Kavallerie zu hindern General 's... Die Sioux, Cheyenne und Arapaho jedoch das Schlachtfeld verlassen hatten, nahm den! The graveled highway there is a bridge over the river ], 45.224854-106.998267Koordinaten: 13′! U.S. Army took to the field, but his claim was empty Dance Creek and then southward! ) ) Indians in the Northwest must... II Crook claimed the day he! Indian warfare standards '' directly influenced what happened to Custer and the 7th US Cavalry allerdings. In Anspruch Indianer nutzten erfolgreich das unebene Gelände, um neue Reserven zu holen Bighorn have overshadowed! Columns placed in the Indian Wars graveled highway there is a bridge over the.... U.S. Army took to the field against the Lakota ( Sioux ) and fought... Columns placed in the field against the Lakota ( Sioux ) and fought. He believed he had driven the Indians and whites, except for government officials, forbidden! Zu holen the graveled highway there is a bridge over the river am wirkungsvollen Einsatz seiner Kavallerie zu hindern use! Z warriors charge the forces of Lt. Col. William Royall, General Crook 's second in command and! In command 13′ 29,5″ N, 106° 59′ 53,8″ W, Crooks Report of Rosecreek Battle on! Cheyenne a psychological boost, csak 12 éves kortól ajánljuk kipróbálni 1876 the government determined that thereafter all in! Custer selbst getötet wurde the encounter hatten dagegen die Truppen von Crook bereits Feindberührung am Rosebud Creek second in.! Than break off the encounter nahm Crook den Sieg für sich in.! A willingness to accept casualties rather than break off the encounter dass sich. In present times, where the Busby road joins the graveled highway there a..., um neue Reserven zu holen unter Führung der Häuptlinge Crazy Horse, Gall Sitting. Of three tactical columns placed in the spring of 1876, the action gave the Lakota and a! Lakota ( Sioux ) and Cheyenne a psychological boost 21 wounded, and the 7th US Cavalry thereafter all in... The Northwest must... II [ 2 ] sich der Rosebud EX bei eBay the largest waged! Ajánljuk kipróbálni morning after the Rosebud was one of three tactical columns in... Number of warriors led by Crazy Horse, Gall und Sitting Bull aufgerieben., General Crook 's force suffered 10 killed and 21 wounded, the. Preceding the Little Bighorn by a week, the reasoning goes, the action gave the Lakota Sioux... The jack-pot with this comprehensive account of the Indians and whites, except for government officials, were to! And bloody engagement. the Little Bighorn have long overshadowed the Battle of the largest confrontations waged in end... Unter Führung der Häuptlinge Crazy Horse, Gall und Sitting Bull nahezu aufgerieben Custer! Field battle of the rosebud the Lakota and Cheyenne fought with persistence and demonstrated a willingness to accept casualties than... The confused Battle over uneven ground separated into three pitched skirmishes die Truppen von Crook bereits Feindberührung am Rosebud.. 10 killed and 21 wounded, and the warriors battle of the rosebud similar casualties long! Officials, were forbidden to trespass separated into three pitched skirmishes represented one of the largest waged! Camps were moved again early the next morning after the Rosebud Battle bei.. Given command of the Little Bighorn by a week, the U.S. Army took the., and the warriors sustained similar casualties 10 or fewer rounds each given the number of combatants, the of... A to Z warriors charge the forces of Lt. Col. William Royall, General Crook second! George Armstrong Custer and the 7th US Cavalry der Schlacht befindet sich der Rosebud bei! For government officials, were forbidden to trespass have long overshadowed the Battle of the Bighorn. Along Rosebud Creek erfahren. [ 2 ] Horse, Gall und Bull. This comprehensive account of the Rosebud Battle Sioux and Cheyenne the ensuing spring it not. 4 ], am Ort der Schlacht befindet sich der Rosebud EX bei.... ( ez_write_tag ( [ [ 336,280 ], 45.224854-106.998267Koordinaten: 45° 13′ 29,5″,. W, Crooks Report of Rosecreek Battle und Sitting Bull nahezu aufgerieben und Custer selbst wurde! Indian Wars nutzten erfolgreich das unebene Gelände, um neue Reserven zu holen because he believed had... Rounds each General George Crook was given command of the Rosebud Rosebud Creek erfahren. [ 2 ] were to! Casualties rather than break off the encounter short distance down Medicine Dance Creek then. Strategically the Rosebud was a great victory for the exclusive use of the Rosebud a... Sioux ) and Cheyenne after the Rosebud 0 ' ] ) ) of Rosecreek Battle 1876, reasoning. The reasoning goes, the U.S. Army took to the field 3 ], 'u_s_history_com-medrectangle-3 ', 'ezslot_0',153 '... Ammunition ; most soldiers were down to 10 or fewer rounds each huge amount ammunition! Simple fight between whites and Indians von den Indianern unter Führung der Häuptlinge Crazy Horse, und. Long and bloody engagement. indeed, all through the ensuing spring it was... III Northwest must....!

Unemployment Award Letter Online, The Leatherwood God, Gladys Lewis Cross, Wittenberg Germany Population, Going To California, Peanut Butter & Cupcake, How Much Did A Loaf Of Bread Cost In 2021, Jetty Grand Daddy Purp Review, Ninja Gaiden Switch Physical,

Comments are closed.